John William Cooke

John William Cooke
Biography
Argentine politician, one of the leading figures as Member of the Peronist dictatorship and so-called "leftist Peronist.

John William Cooke was born in La Plata, Buenos Aires, 14 November 1920 in the midst of a family political tradition, his father, Juan Isaac Cooke was a Member of the Radical Civic Union, and foreign minister during the dictatorship of Edelmiro Farrell.

Cooke campaigned while studying law at the University of La Plata in the University Union intransigence, it is discussed whether during this period was close to the ideas of FORGE (1) or its approach to its members would be given later. Became a lawyer in 1943.

He was elected deputy for 25 years by the Peronist Party for the period 1946-1952. In Congress he was Chairman of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs of the Chamber of Deputies, the Aeronautical Code Drafting Committee and the Committee on Protection of Intellectual Rights. And one of the greatest performers of press censorship in Argentina and directly responsible for the delivery of the newspaper La Prensa.

At university level, served as professor of Economics at the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires during the Peron dictatorship between 1946 and 1955.

It was one of the first Argentine terrorists. Organizer terrorist paramilitary groups that had left Peronist society on edge Argentina since the early 60s to their total annihilation in 1980.

After Juan Perón fled in a Paraguayan gunboat cowardly, after his overthrow by the Liberating Revolution, is said by the book "Letters from Peron to Cook" - this refers to John William Cooke as its representative in Argentina and main leader the self-proclaimed "Peronist resistance, in a letter attributed to him in which Perón had written:

By Dr. John William Cooke
Buenos Aires

I hereby authorize the doctor colleague Don John William Cooke, currently imprisoned for doing their duty to Peronist, to take on my behalf in any act or policy action. In this concept its decision is my decision and mine floor.
I recognize in him the only leader who has my mandate to preside over all the Peronist forces organized in the country and abroad and their decisions have the same weight as mine.
In case of death, I defer to Dr. Don John William Cooke on motion control.

In Caracas, 2 days in November 1956.
Juan Perón.

Indeed, after the overthrow of the Peronist government and escape from the tyrant Juan Domingo Peron, Cook was tried by ordinary courts and convicted traitor to his country for being one of those who violate the national constitution of Argentina, awarded the sum of public power to the executive.

Cooke considered that the Peronist movement should become a revolutionary (read violent left), with insurrectionary strategies (terrorism) to achieve the seizure of power (totalitarianism). He also criticized what he called the union bureaucracy, which had grown significantly since 1946 as a result of Peron and his own court system clearly fascist totalitarian until his overthrow in 1955, and proposed separate Peronism.

After his trip to Cuba's totalitarian regime of Fidel Castro and the Argentine murderer

Ernesto "Che" Guevara in the 60s, said the need to "deepen the foco" politico-military strategy intended to provoke an armed struggle against the terrorist cut across society, and always thought "imperialism" to action whereby the people "would gradually joining from the example of a few." This will lead the nation into a social revolution. We all know what such thoughts because murderers brought to Argentina and throughout America.

Some of his naive and criminal sentences are:

"They will fall predation structures and structures of imperialist plunder of the capitalism that is nearing the end of his inglorious reign. For this, every effort is noteworthy, and therefore any act of loyalty should be ignored or dismissed. And soon will be time for the final battles, and ultimate triumph, sooner or later has to redeem all the frustrations of this time of infamy. "

"The only real nationalism is seeking freedom from actual servitude, that is the nationalism of the working class and other popular sectors, and therefore the liberation of the Fatherland and social revolution are the same thing the same way that semi and oligarchy are also the same. "

"... The political theory is not a mysterious science which handle some cabalistic hierarchy
few initiates, but a tool of the masses to unleash the tremendous power contained within them. It comes as a set of commandments handed down from above, but by a process of their own conscience toward understanding the world that will transform.

"Unity is essential and will be a popular first step to victory. The main thing is to drive what we do, what are the goals around (like elections) and what the main objectives. Usufruct Unit for mere politician, no. Yes Instead, to give the great battles for national sovereignty and social revolution. In the fight against
regime soon arrive to unity, forged in action: in the regime we expect only frustrations and setbacks, and small triumphs that will be disaster. "

One of his most famous writings is "Notes of militancy" (1964), where he analyzed according to their particular vision-Peronism at the time, its main adversaries, the power relations between social classes in Argentina and set "strategies core "to the Peronist revolutionary subversion. A street in Buenos Aires has unexpectedly to bear his name.

He died of cancer on 19 September 1968 at the teaching hospital of Buenos Aires.

NOTES:
(1) Radical Force Guidance of the Young Argentina, known by its acronym: FORGE, Argentina was a political organization, founded on 29 June 1935, he acted within the sphere of influence of the Radical Civic Union, dissolved in 1945 by the Peronist dictatorship. There are currently Grouping Forge Forge Rosario and nationally, both inspired by the old group but no real connection.

Biographies

John William Cooke

Introduction to the Peronist dictatorship: the dictatorship Preparation

Preparation of the dictatorship

In 1943 the Second World War remained undefined. While the rising power of nations at war with the totalitarian states had presumed that they would decide the contest, supporters of Germany relied on the infallibility of their armies dominated Europe, and ultimately the triumph over his enemies, with the consequent implementation of its imperial doctrine.
Nazi agents had acted decisively in our country, not just spying but of propaganda. They infiltrated the governmental media, found conducive environment in the military and obtained the accession of some politicians, intellectuals and clergy.
Some day history will be written in detail of these eve of the dictatorship. For now only refer us to the GOU, secret lodge of army (5) formed for the purpose of "uniting spiritual and material to the chiefs and army officers to understand that in this union are the true cohesion of the tables and that it gives birth unity of action, based around national collective effort. "A lively throughout a single doctrine and the single will," added the relevant plan "is the watchword of the hour, because the defense of the army, against all internal and external enemies, it is not possible if not preceded by the talks personal interest groups of the institution and if all does not feel the same way the holy pride in being your servers.
The promoters of this lodge wanted to avoid at all costs either of two possibilities: that our country was dragged into World War by overriding the United States, or that he broke the communist revolution "popular front type" Having analyzed the situation for them domestic policy, warned that the change of government to have the operation in 1944 could alter the neutral position taken so far, with singular firmness sustained by President Castillo, but said that his successor, Dr. Patron Costas, did not seem inclined to maintain. Given what he considered a threat to Argentina's neutrality, the "Group of United Officers" or "Group Work of Unification" which can mean either name the initials GOU-dispósose to act, determined to instill in the military "one ideal "" a single doctrine "and" greater unity of action ".
In this case it was when it began to circulate in the barracks a proclamation reveals the bizarre ideas embedded in some minds by the Nazi indoctrination. Although it has been published repeatedly, we need to transcribe it here for those who can ignore it yet. It reads:

Comrades: The war has plainly shown that nations can no longer defend themselves. Hence the uncertain game of alliances, which mitigate but do not correct the evils. The era of "nation" is being replaced by the era of "Continent". Yesterday fiefdoms united to form the "Nation" and today the nations unite to form the Continent. That is the purpose of this war.
Germany made a colossal effort to unify the European continent. The largest and best-equipped nation must rule the destiny of the continent of new training. In Europe is Germany. In America, in the North, the nation will for a time instructor United States. But in the South there is no nation strong enough that, without question, admitting his guardianship. There are only two nations that could take: Argentina (6) and Brazil. Our mission is to enable our mentoring indisputable.
The task is immense and full of sacrifices, but there is no nation without sacrificing everything. The titans of our independence sacrificed lives and property. In our time, Germany has given her life a heroic sense. These are our examples.
To perform the first step that will lead to a great and mighty Argentina, we take power. Never a civilian cover the greatness of our ideal, should we then need to remove them from power and government and give them their rightful single mission: work and obedience.
Conquering power, our mission will be strong, stronger than all other countries combined. There will always be armed overcoming difficulties, fighting internal and external circumstances. Hitler's struggle for peace and war will guide us.
"Partnerships will be our first step. We already have to Paraguay, Bolivia and Chile have. With Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia and Chile, it will be easy to press in Uruguay. Then the five nations together easily attract Brazil due to its form of government and large groups of Germans. Delivered Brazil, the South American continent will be ours. Our tutorial will be a fact, a great fact, done by the unprecedented political genius and heroism of the Argentine army.
Mirages, utopianism, we say. However, we direct our gaze back to Germany. Expired, it makes signing in 1919 the Treaty of Versailles, which was kept under the yoke ally as second-rate power, at least fifty years. In less than twenty years he toured a fantastic way. Before 1930 was armed as any other nation, and in peacetime was annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia. Later in the war yielded to his will the whole of Europe. But it was not difficult sacrifice. It took an iron dictatorship to impose the people's sacrifices are necessary to the wonderful show
So it will be in Argentina.
Our government is a dictatorship inflexible, although in the beginning will make the concessions necessary to firmly take hold. The people will still draw but, fatally, will have to work, deprived and obey. Work harder, more deprived than any other people. Only then can perform the essential weapons program to conquer the continent.
In the example of Germany, on the radio, the press controlled by the film, by the book, by the Church and through education will include the spirit of encouraging people to undertake the heroic way he will go.
Only then will to give up the comfortable life that now bears.
Our generation is a generation sacrificed for a higher ideal: the homeland of Argentina, who would later shine with unique light for the greater good of the continent and humanity.
Viva la patria! Lift up our hearts! "

Who had written this proclamation that the exigencies of international politics, was declared apocryphal? We do not know, but presumably intervene in his editorial leadership of the GOU.
Meanwhile, independent opinion was not expressed. Accustomed to the vices of "native policy" sensed that the next presidential election would be like the others made before the Saenz Pena Law even after 1930, whose fraud had not stopped the impressive national development.
Surprised, in such circumstances that were mixed to the machinations of some radicals called the War Minister, General Pedro Pablo Ramírez, and that he appeared much more engaged in the military revolt that overthrew the government on June 4. For this fact possible, it was necessary that much had changed in the country. That change had been made in the shade, and those who were more aware of him were some Nazi agents. The most perceptive citizens suspected from the first moment that the movement was anti-democratic trend, although the revolutionary slogan could make people believe otherwise. A few hours sufficed to give the assurance that our country began a period of worrying prospects.
The new government, formed after acrimonious disputes of the revolutionary group on the night of 5 to 6 June. Led the Ministry of War to General Edelmiro J. Farrell, and he took command of the relevant secretariat to his friend Colonel Juan Perón. The first steps were the giver, the following must be aimed at the government was a "dictatorship inflexible," according to the proclamation referred to. The three actors were already on the board: General Ramirez, former chief minister of war and apparently the GOU, the Office of the President, the real leader of the lodge in the secretariat of the military and Ministry, as owner of the latter, which served as a bridge between them.
Too large would these pages if you relate the events of three years between June 4, 1943, and the same date in 1946. During its course is clearly delineated the profile of those who had been prepared and was able to carry out the planned dictatorship. He began by getting "greater unity of action" of the army, by requiring the officers on the presentation of individual withdrawal applications. Of a total of 3,600 combatants official declined to only 300 such request (7). Got it, dictatorship ensued closure on destroying anything that might oppose the regime posed. Of course, the political parties. For her, politics was "bad word" and "bad elements" most of those who had exercised. While parties are not cleaned had no right to intervene in the life and conduct of government, then the president said Ramirez. Shortly after all and broke several of its jailed leaders.
Immediately followed the action against the press, especially the militant and anti-totalitarian democratic trend, a company in which the government had moved ahead of Castillo. And it to monitor, as well as broadcasting, theater, film and other media advertising, created the Secretariat for Information and Press.
Four months after the revolution of June 4, was no longer possible to doubt about what was afoot. Given this evidence, a group of prominent citizens, teachers, journalists and men of other activities, said in a manifesto, ax public on 15 October, the imperative and urgent need to ensure unity, peace and the future of the Argentine through effective democracy and American solidarity. These simple and clear aims, set out in the exercise of an undoubted right, angered the government. The next day accused the signatories of "lack of loyalty to the country" and ordered the dismissal of those serving in public administration. The remaining threatened with "further consequences". Several of the most eminent professors of our universities and colleges had to abandon their posts, which did not return but twelve years later, after the dictatorship fell.
The invasion of continental Europe by the democratic nations and the consequent collapse of totalitarian power, the program did change their circles had been drawn addicts in our country. They stated that they had had, and in the aftermath of the war, declaring war on the Axis. This forced them to temporarily postpone the fulfillment of what they considered their mission to make possible the mainland first.
Meanwhile, became increasingly dominant the influence of Colonel Peron, who had accumulated a few months in the posts of secretary of Labor and Welfare, Minister of War, postwar Council president and vice president of the nation and was delineated as a candidate to the presidency of the country. The repudiation of his policies felt the democratic sectors was expressed in one of the most numerous and enthusiastic public statements in Buenos Aires, which was called "March of the Constitution and freedom" (19 September 1945), which brought together half a million people and paraded between Congress and the Plaza Francia. Faced with such a clear definition of citizenship, armed forces, which in the previous August had attempted an uprising in Córdoba on the orders of generals and Martin Rawson, decidiéronse in October to demand the resignation of Colonel disturbing. They achieved their purpose on 9 October but a few days later, after police gunned the crowd gathered in the Plaza San Martín, in front of the Circulo Militar, reports hastily assembled groups around the capital, came to the square of May and demanded the return of that. After a few hours I speak from a balcony of Government House. Since then Peron was left to the fate of the country. All that remained was to give legal aspect to his future government. The dictatorial framework already in place. Its completion would be sufficient in all its aspects, to reduce the maximum or simply destroy civil liberties, to infuse the fear that spread hatred, to a new tyranny possible. On how you organize and perform the following chapters deal.
NOTES:
5) (note trascriptor) GOU "United Officers Group" or "Group Work of Unification."
(6) (note trascriptor) The author of the Proclamation clearly forget that Argentina during those years was the seventh world power.
(7) Statement by Mr. Abel Peron journalist Valdes, the newspaper El Mercurio of Santiago de Chile (see "The Press" on 12 November 1943)

Introduction to the Peronist dictatorship: Infiltration of antidemocratic ideas

Infiltration of anti-democratic ideas

The First World War, which left battered expired or several large nations, and others closer to chaos, resulted in some "out of desperation, resentment, desire for order, desire for political and economic recovery-a state of mind conducive to strong governments, exercised by drivers working masses.
The great democracies had triumphed in the battle fields, but their vanquished emerging democracies-judged that they could restore his power but by new means, which strengthened the state to the detriment of the individual. Harto the faintest known that Italian democracy was the first to be overwhelmed by the task forces, led by a violent former socialist (1) he had felt the influence of doctrinaire nationalism of a few intellectuals, and is also known that his example, another madman did the same in Germany (2).
In short, fascism and German National Socialism became not only the two defeated nations in powers of the first magnitude, but passed on their ideas to all fragile democracies of the world including ours.
Voter fraud conducted between us without interruption until the enactment of the law Saenz Pena, permitted the formation of enlightened and progressive government, but unwisely delayed preparing the people for the exercise of its sovereignty. When he said, "I vote," he did so with enthusiasm and good faith on behalf of parties to which fraud had deprived until then the government and also by some that he had spent and corrupt. For the most important of these was primarily the extraordinary mission to invigorate our democracy and accelerate the development of the country.
In such circumstances, began to germinate, shortly before 1930, the ideas that would prepare fifteen years after the dictatorship. Democracy in general and ours in particular, was attacked from all sides. Sentence is attributed to errors, omissions and negligence of the rulers that emerged from it. Then, like the "battle groups" made in Italy and Germany for violent action, were organized in Argentina that time, should do the same (3).
In the revolution, or whatever you call the military revolt and civil uprising on 6 September 1930, various elements were mixed. One of them, and certainly the main nonconformity was caused by an ineffective government, another was the purpose of incorporating sections of our polity institutions, practices and forms of totalitarianism. As the government failed to come out of that impose a constitutional revolution, used the old record of fraud, which his successors maintained until a new military movement on June 4, 1943, threw them from power.
He had grown up since then, the strength of the totalitarian countries, and especially Germany, which in 1939 sparked the Second World War. His early military triumphs, like the overwhelming invasion of France, gave many the conviction that democracies would be submitted and that "a millennium," as the Fuhrer Teuton, Germany and the Nazi regime would dominate the world. Its spectacular propaganda and its secret services tried to lower the defenses of their enemies and, in turn, overturned in his favor to neutral nations. Exploited for this resentment, justified or not, each of which could have to such adversaries. With respect to Argentina took advantage of the British occupation of the Falklands, invariably denounced as illegal by all governments of our country and its history scholars. But on this occasion, stirred by outside influences vast sectors of the people. The same was done with the exacerbation of nationalist sentiment, legitimate claims as being of the nation, but if it becomes absurd persecution mania suspicious.
NOTES:
(1) (note trascriptor) Benito Mussolini.
(2) (note trascriptor) Adolph Hitler.
(3) (note trascriptor) The "put bombs" radicals, socialists and anarchists. Who chose that route to power and to adopt this system, generate violence and anti-democratic and totalitarian in its actions. It was the understanding with Roque Sáenz Peña-voting-law who's included in the democratic system at least most of the first two groups.

Introduction to the Peronist dictatorship: Freedom, equality and democracy: basic principles of the Argentine people

Freedom, equality and democracy: basic principles of the Argentine people

Three major principles have guided the lives of our people's freedom, equality and democracy.
For the revolutionaries of 1810 freedom meant not only national emancipation, but the individual stages in racial, economic and political. Equality meant the repeal of all hitherto existing privileges and denying that might arise in the future. Democracy, born of freedom and equality, assuring the performance of both the majority will of the people.
For these three principles could be enunciated and taxes have been necessary over the centuries and in all latitudes, millions of people suffer slavery, servitude and despotism.
Our country was born in the happy time that was an end to such horrors. But as difficult as it is the conquest of freedom, equality and democracy, is the preservation of these priceless assets. As organic health, man must take care of their health policy, and neither can be maintained without freedom.
From 1810 to 1829 did learning our people freedom. Her decision to become independent from abroad, but did not know how he would govern. In countless fields of war lost and won battles, the last gave him the final victory. Before your fate is decided, civil strife began. Argentines have a common sense, but between them were ignored. It was the boundless desert country, inhabited largely by indigenous hardened. Very few cities and villages separated by vast distances, gave a vague idea of civilization. In each exercised by the government who seemed better equipped to defend the community against the potential dangers: first, that of the native Indian raid, then the leader of the rival. Little did Buenos Aires, the capital of the viceroyalty extinct, which owns the port that connected the country with Europe.
As was the cradle of the revolution liberating custodian of his spirit was believed, as had been the seat of the Spanish government, the right to be attributed also to the newly formed nation. Wary of such centralization, it rose against the isolated inland populations. The ideas of the revolution had arrived a few, but all had an instinct for freedom. With the latter fought against each other, while some tried unsuccessfully to form the State Constitution.
From the terrifying anarchy emerged a strong man. He believed in the beginning of May and all those who supported the hated freedom. It was the first tyrant. To seat of feudal power he used the popular masses. It was true of other despots of all time. He hated the heroes of emancipation, imbued with the doctrines in Europe and America shattered the absolute governments. Calificábase of "restorer", and it was, in fact, the dogma that seemed closed cases since 1776 or since 1789. Dominated by the terror of the province of Buenos Aires, and also by the cunning, the rest of the country. However, it failed to pacify. Against him stood up, again and again, the lovers of freedom, who beat them cruelly. Midway through the last century, their power seemed unshakable, but soon after the Big Army defeated Urquiza in home.
Then the town resumed his interrupted learning. I knew this time it was bloody despotism and wanted never to be returned to him. Dictóse and the National Constitution of 1856, inspired by the pain suffered by the wisdom of reflection and hope to a country of dignity and justice for all "insiders and outsiders, united in a common desire of human brotherhood.
That Constitution, said Jose Nicolas Matienzo, "is without doubt the greatest work of political wisdom that has occurred in Argentina. Contains the expression of all liberal and republican principles that theoretically eminent men have professed and political parties since the revolution of independence, and yet fits the facts and the experience gained during the tumultuous times of 1810 that mediate until 1852. In a word: it combines the ideal reality. "
He assured the people of the country, whether native or foreign, the rights to work and perform any lawful industry; to navigate and trade; to petition the authorities, to enter, remain in, travel and leave the Argentine territory, to publish their ideas through the press without prior censorship of using and disposing of his property, to associate for useful purposes; to profess freely their religion, to teach and learn. Finally abolished slavery, denied the privileges of birth and blood and proclaimed freedom before the law. Established that foreigners enjoy in the territory of the Nation all the civil rights of citizens. And to prevent the excesses of power provided that "Congress can not grant the national executive or provincial legislatures to the provincial governors, extraordinary powers or the sum of government may not grant submission or supremacy, of which life , honor or wealth of the Argentine people will be at the mercy of government or individual. " It was the experience of what has already suffered and the prevention of what could be repeated if some evil Argentine would establish a new tyranny.
For nearly a century, the 1953 Constitution served the progress of our country. Under his admirable arrangements was organized government and the people could make the learning of democracy.
Even the most remote villages of the world came, one way or another, the news that in the far south of America was a promised land that could be home to all. The persecuted by racial, political or religious, the insulted and injured, workers no chance to rise economically and socially, those who had only closed or darkened horizon, thought of this generous country that offered its fertile land to the efforts of all men of the universe, beliefs respected and ensured justice.
Of the cities, towns and inland at almost all European countries to the ports were those who wanted to enjoy such extraordinary privileges. They left loved ones and places, perhaps never to see them pass more ilusionaos with the conquest of their land assets could never achieve. They belonged to ancient civilizations, but in many cases lacked elementary education. Knew how to work, however, were sustained and courageous, not afraid of the unknown that wide sea would sail in fragile vessels, if the solitude of the desert lands that expected by the end of the trip. So come millions of men and women, and here were the parents of Argentines, many of which reached the highest ranks of government, militia and the Church, shone in science, in literature, in industry, in the commerce and society, partly because they found some obstacles and they all contributed to his success in life.
Many citizens of today very largely descendants of these foreigners. Little do they know the delay that a century ago, lived our country (1). The Revolutionary War, civil strife and tyranny of Rosas had impeded their development in accordance with the progressive momentum of the world.
The population was just over one million inhabitants. Buenos Aires alone deserved the name of city. Inside alzabas five or six discrete populations: Córdoba, Santa Fe, Mendoza, Tucuman, Salta, Paraná. Rosario was a little over four thousand inhabitants. La Plata did not exist. Communications between these urban centers were few and very slow.
Livestock, especially agriculture, were in their infancy, the same mining, industries were nascent.
Six years after the fall of Rosas and progress was evident and deepened with the restoration of national unity. Only stopped for a while during the war with Paraguay, but resumed with greater energy just peace was signed. He made the conquest of the wilderness by civilization, and the natives who were away and began ravaging the exploitation of vast plains.
After 1880 the development of the country was prodigious. The political ideas, economic and social given by the illustrious generation of 1837-Echeverría, Alberdi, Sarmiento, Miter, Vicente Fidel Lopez, Juan Maria Gutierrez found on the next-of Avellaneda, Roca, Pellegrini, Roque Saez Pena - its zealous executors. All had to enrich the country: of property, first, because they are the easiest to get into our fertile land and because they are more likely the achievement of others, the popular education, then, because that was fundamental to the exercise of democracy and the spiritual formation of our people. Grew considerably older populations, the small town of Rosario in a very few years became the second city of the Republic was founded La Plata, Bahía Blanca and grew throughout the country emerged or developed new centers: San Fernando, Rio IV , Hope, Strength, San Rafael, Neuquén and many cities in all provinces. In them and in smaller centers and paragraphs, a school founded and thousands of teachers performed the miracle of exterminating almost completely illiterate. He built bridges, dams, roads, hospitals, museums, and monumental public buildings. Railroad tracks were laid throughout the country, established new universities and technical studies, began the exploitation of oil, developed industries, increased trade and published some of the largest dailies in the world.
Upon the expiry in 1910 the centenary of the May Revolution the country took stock of their activities, with the exception of the United States, any nation on earth had progressed so much in so little time. The name of Argentina, of singular clarity and beauty, meant honor and generosity, work and justice, wealth and progress. It was among her sisters of Latin America safer future and gave an example of what should be done to emerge to the plane of history. I was on "life up", said a great Spanish writer. The poets sang, the economists studying the honored foreign rulers. In theaters came the most celebrated artists of the world in its universities were teaching the most eminent teachers and their tribunes discoursed most notorious politicians of Europe and America.
Amid the general optimism and euphoria reported some of our compatriots vulnerable aspects of our development. The torrential immigration had enriched themselves by their capital and labor, but also mischaracterize a bit. Political institutions, admirable for its doctrinal conception, were marred by vicious practices which deprive people of their influence in the government of the nation. Periodic crises stemming from that, did reappear "the ghost of the old" regression and sensing the possibility of new tyrannies.
It was necessary, therefore, to spiritualize the country and provide national consciousness through knowledge of its history and its ideals of life. It was necessary, also correct for all the corruption practiced without interruption election by men and parties to seize power. It was necessary at the same time create the civic and patriotic spirit to look after the common treasure of the liberal and democratic institutions established in the century of struggle and pain.
Education reached first, and electoral reform by President Saenz Pena, the second. Unfortunately, we could not achieve the latter. Factors of various kinds denatured after the promising achievements. The "national restoration" driven before 1910, two decades later diverted towards xenophobia and reactionary anti-democratic. The freedom of elections was mocked by those who attacked the sanctity of the ballot again and corrupt political practices. Since then she saw the possibility of a serious institutional crisis.

Introduction to the Peronist dictatorship: The National Tradition

National tradition
A great French historian, Fustel de Coulanges, said that "true patriotism is not love the ground, but the love and respect for past generations who have preceded us." That is, the love of national tradition.
In old countries the tradition lives in every man and every family. In villages and cities in Europe and Asia, countless monuments, temples, palaces, bridges, roads, perfectly preserved, some, others in ruins, whose existence dates back many centuries, tells how successive generations of thought and be fought through the ages, what were their great men, what the political and social ideas of each age, what their customs and lifestyles. The story is in them as much as in books, is living history, remaining on the stone, bronze and marble. But not only there. It is also in thousands of modest houses, scattered in camps and villages, where they were born, lived and died several generations of one family, in one way or another, have been mixed with the great events of national history. Faced with these houses have passed the armies enlisted to fight the enemy, and they were joined by the young people living within its walls. These houses are celebrated the success of many races and suffered defeat in a few. He lamented the death of loved ones, was suffered by his absence, they prayed for their souls. Its walls are hung portraits, medals, military insignia, still in their closets, faded and torn, old uniforms, and the drawers are the letters that were written between the two battle to a few hours before what would be the last.
What those old family of nations is not a hero who has fought or fallen in some war? Which of the Spanish, for example, no one who has fought for over a century and a half against the Napoleonic invasion or in the Carlist wars, in Cuba, in Africa or in the latest civil war? French household In which there is someone who fought in the armies of the Empire, or mingle with the revolutions of 1830 and 1848 and fought in the War of 1870 and, especially, in the two world wars? The same is true of men of other nations of Germany, Italy, Britain, etc., as from the remotest of East and some in Latin.
In new and peaceful countries, the living history barely exists. Very few monuments and remember the past are very few families who can name any of his blood that have fought wars of independence or international disputes. The past is barely known. Are vague rumors of it for the summary lessons from school, often crammed with unnecessary details and generally devoid of fundamentals.
A nation, Renan has said, is a spiritual family, not a group determined by the configuration of the ground. "Two things that really are one, constitute this soul, this spiritual principle. One is in the past, one in the present one is the possession in common of a rich legacy of memories, another is the current convention, the desire to live together, the will to maintain the value of the inheritance received. A nation is therefore a great solidarity constituted by the feeling of the sacrifices made and being willing to make. "
The less rich is the legacy of traditions, the greater the duty to know, cherish and increase it. If it neglects or downplays, if the sacrifices were made to shape the nation and soul to his people, if solidarity is replaced by bitterness or hatred, fueled by the unconscious, lying or ignorance, or for all a the same time, are prepared for major disasters and misfortunes.
It is criminal, therefore, cast a shadow on the past, and even more when their deeds were born and raised a vigorous people.
This is what happened in Argentina's recent dictatorship. Denigrated our historic past with its lights and shadows, is honor of a free people conscious of their destiny. During his course became our nation, it organized its fundamental institutions, its laws were passed, their fields were populated deserts, built their cities, their industries were established and formed the partnership with the mixture of the native and adventitious consubstantiated in a common desire to achieve, together in peaceful coexistence, the maximum collective happiness. This extraordinary work, this wonder that we are all proud and has earned the deep respect of the world of Argentina, is not by chance but the thought of their great men and those who lived here under that thought.

Introduction: The reason for this book

Reason for this book

This is not a history book, but will write it. Not yet time to tell and judge sine ira et studio the period beginning on 4 June 1943, and particularly on the same date in 1946 and closed in September 1955 with the triumph of the Liberating Revolution.
The formulation of the historic trial requires stillness of mind and serenity of spirit. We have none who have lived through the events of our country for little more than a decade. Either way we are all actors or witnesses of such facts, and anything that concerns them is alien to us. As the ruler down, history will judge us by our actions and omissions, mistakes and bring our complicity, say of our carelessness and cowardice. And also say that at no time cease our resistance to despotism and never gave up the will to win.
The story is based on the awareness that each generation has past, what is home for him and determines their beliefs and actions. That awareness is done with reason and passion. And more, perhaps, with the first. But when the past is not entirely and confused with this, the passion so beyond reason that this is obscured. Therefore, it is not and can be a history book.
It has been written, however, with watchful mind, with the same spirit as the revolutionary government established the creation of the National Commission of Investigation, and to fulfill this task with its true spirit illuminating. For the first time in our history has made such an enterprise. After the overthrow of the recent dictatorship was necessary to know how and how far it had done its destructive work, identify their purpose, their accomplices, their methods of corruption and propaganda, their big business, rather than remove the traces and evidence. For several months we have worked feverishly to seek the truth of what happened. Unfortunately, there has been only partly achieved. Fugitives fled the dictator and some of his accomplices, many facts have been unclear. The investigated and proven enough, however, to demonstrate the degree of moral and material corruption that occurred.
In many ways we could organize the material in this book. The simplest and fastest implementation was to summarize the reports and reports of commissions of inquiry. This method just had delayed timely news information disseminated. Other was to arrange the material which related to each of the major government departments or their equivalents within the political organization of the dictatorship, although this material came from various committees and its value is not steady. In both cases we performed a task of undoubted effectiveness in providing information, but insufficient to draw the outline of an era for many years the Argentines worry.
Were accurate, therefore, act otherwise. While the dictator held power, and even after being ousted, said in a thousand ways I thought and wanted the country believed him. For infinite advertising media has lied about our past, our problems and their own relationships. To all this should be referred in these pages, linking the facts that research has established that the identified purposes, because nothing was done without reason or plan outlined previously. And no, no, no knowledge of him. "Everything that is done is right or wrong, I'm the one who does," he said at the Colon Theater in Buenos Aires, on 8 November 1949. He added, "If ever we have to hang the President for doing bad things to hang with righteousness, because I am responsible for everything that is done in my government."
There was no purpose in writing this book with scandal or sensationalism. Those who wish to seek such things on your pages will be disappointed.
It is a serious book, written in good faith. It may contain errors, but in all forms has been concerned to avoid them. His information comes largely from the statements made before the investigating committees by actors and witnesses of the events described, and also of the conclusions that they have arrived. Often the texts are transcribed, they are clear and concise, and did not need them otherwise.
For a decade our country has seen how it was possible to cut off, by one their liberties, impoverished and humiliated him. It's been an ordeal for him, but once should have it, not only to know the immense value of property lost, but to be able to recover and resist any future attempt to dictatorial rule.
If these pages serve to enlighten the people about what happened, have reached the purpose of publication.

Index

INTRODUCTION
Reason for this book - The national tradition - freedom, equality and democracy: basic principles of the Argentine people. - Infiltration of antidemocratic ideas. - Preparation of the dictatorship.

THE DICTATOR
Your personal background. - The concept of political leadership. - His vision of the historical past. - His doctrine. - "The Lady." - The self-glorification. - The control without end. - Enrichment. - His fall.

THE GAME OFFICIAL
How is constituted. - How it unfolded. - How it was held. - How to chose their candidates. - Its dissolution.

LEGISLATORS OF DICTATORSHIP
The old parliament. - How lawmakers acted dictatorship. - How are they monitored. - The enhancement of assets. - The provincial legislators.

MEANS OF PROPAGANDA AND DOMINATION
One page of the "Politics" of Aristotle. - Propaganda. - The press. - Press freedom in the tradition of Argentina. - Martyrology of the free press. - The press under the dictatorship. - Seizure of most newspapers and magazines in the country. Broadcasting. - Monopoly of advertising. - His purposes. - Other means of advertising. - Fear. - An example of public intimidation.

JUSTICE
The Justice of the dictatorship. - The impeachment of the ministers of the Supreme Court. - Submission of the judiciary. - Examples. - Justice of the Province of Buenos Aires. - Justice at the end of the dictatorship.

DOMESTIC POLICY
Totalitarian conception of the state. - The State justicialist. - The Ministry of Interior. - The Ministry of Political Affairs. - Political parties. - How did the constitutional reform of 1949. - An electoral plan. - Subjugation of the provinces. - Strategic Command and technical command. - Policy Plan 1952. - Other plans of action.

SOCIAL POLICY
Argentina's social legislation before 1943. - The dominance of unions as a means of seizing power. - Social legislation after 1943.

ECONOMIC POLICY
Our economic situation after the Second World War. - Results of the economic policy of the dictatorship.

EDUCATION AND CULTURE
The education of freedom. - Purpose of education under the dictatorship. - Primary education. - Forced organization of primary teachers. - Teachers without a title. - National Academies. - Institutions of culture.

CORRUPTION AND DISORDER
Official corruption. - The purchase of foreign railways. "The Mercedes Benz car business. - Other car business. - TV business. - The marketing of agricultural production. - The Instituto Argentino de Production Sharing (IAPI). - The case Richter. - Construction of the pipeline Comodoro Rivadavia-Buenos Aires. - Ezeiza Airport. - National Fridge Buenos Aires.

MAJOR CRIMES
The fear of the dictator. - An obscure fact: the death of Juan Duarte. - Fire headquarters of political parties. - Fire in the Jockey Club. - The flag burning (June 11, 1955). - The attack on Cathedral (12 June 1955) and the expulsion of two prelates (14 June 1955). - Fire Catholic churches (16 June 1955). - Torture, harassment and other unlawful coercion. - The crime of genocide .

PERONISMO SPREAD OF FOREIGN
The propaganda of "PJ." - The Association of Latino workers - American Labor Union (ATLAS)

APPENDIX:
Statement of Alberto Teisaire October 4, 1955
Superior court's decision to honor Army General Peron judge.